Volume 5 | Issue 2

 Abstract

Phenomenon of glass transition is exhibited by certain crystalline as well as amorphous solids. During the process of heating, some solids get melted and further quenching them at a high rate so to bypass crystallization a glassy state is formed. The glass formation occurs because of dynamic arrest of molecules resulting in a disordered state at glass transition temperature. Glass transition temperature is the temperature at which a hard glassy state of an amorphous material is converted to a rubbery state. Melting temperature is the temperature at which a solid material is converted into liquid form.

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ANALYSIS OF GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

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This paper discusses the traditional practices of environmental conservation in western Rajasthan, an arid and semi-arid region in India. The paper highlights four main practices, including water harvesting, agroforestry, community-based natural resource management, and protection of sacred groves. These practices are deeply rooted in local knowledge, culture, and spirituality and have evolved over centuries to address the challenges of living in a fragile ecosystem. The paper argues that recognizing and supporting these practices is crucial for sustainable development and the conservation of biodiversity and rural livelihoods.

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Water Harvesting, Agroforestry, Biodiversity, Livelihoods

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ABSTRACT The analysis of proton-proton and proton-antiproton total cross-sections (?_tot), the difference in p-p and p-?(p ? ) total cross-sections (??_tot) and the ratio ? of the real to imaginary parts of the nuclear amplitude are of crucial importance to understand the hadron-nucleus interactions. It seems likely that proton-proton and proton-antiproton interactions will be different, even at CERN collider and TeV energies and is quite feasible that they will remain different forever. This is contrary to the widely held belief that annihilation channel, which are largely responsible for the huge difference in p-p and p-?(p ? ) total cross-sections at low energies, should become less and less effective at higher energy. In the present work, an attempt has been made to parameterize the total cross-sections for proton-proton and proton-antiproton interactions. The energy dependence of (?_tot) has also been studied and analyzed. A new approach to parameterize the ?_tot, is used to calculate the difference in total cross-sections (??_tot), for proton-proton and proton-antiproton interactions and also the ratio ? of the real to imaginary parts of the nuclear amplitude is calculated as a function of incident energy. An asymptotic ?ln?^2 s behavior appears, for both the p-p and p-?(p ? ) total cross-sections. The results of the present parameterization show a batter agreement experimental data. ABSTRACT The analysis of proton-proton and proton-antiproton total cross-sections (?_tot), the difference in p-p and p-?(p ? ) total cross-sections (??_tot) and the ratio ? of the real to imaginary parts of the nuclear amplitude are of crucial importance to understand the hadron-nucleus interactions. It seems likely that proton-proton and proton-antiproton interactions will be different, even at CERN collider and TeV energies and is quite feasible that they will remain different forever. This is contrary to the widely held belief that annihilation channel, which are largely responsible for the huge difference in p-p and p-?(p ? ) total cross-sections at low energies, should become less and less effective at higher energy. In the present work, an attempt has been made to parameterize the total cross-sections for proton-proton and proton-antiproton interactions. The energy dependence of (?_tot) has also been studied and analyzed. A new approach to parameterize the ?_tot, is used to calculate the difference in total cross-sections (??_tot), for proton-proton and proton-antiproton interactions and also the ratio ? of the real to imaginary parts of the nuclear amplitude is calculated as a function of incident energy. An asymptotic ?ln?^2 s behavior appears, for both the p-p and p-?(p ? ) total cross-sections. The results of the present parameterization show a batter agreement experimental data.

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Key words : p-p interaction, p-p ? interaction, h-h interaction, total cross-section, scattering cross-section

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This paper deals with rollover and lateral sliding stability of Three Wheeled Vehicles (TWVs) which are extensively used in Asian countries for public and goods transport. Unlike four wheeled vehicles, TWVs do not have a differential in their rear axle, and thus these types of vehicles are more susceptible to rollover. It is therefore, important to describe rollover conditions to prevent such accidents. In this paper, the concept of Dynamic Stability Factor (DSF) available for four-wheeled vehicles, is extended for TWVs to predict rollover conditions. Stability boundaries are drawn for the TWVs with respect to various parameters viz., height of the centre of gravity (CG) from the ground, distance of the CG from the front axle, sprung mass, cornering stiffness of the tire and steering angle. Further, lateral sliding stability of the TWV is analysed using a non-linear tire model. A limiting forward velocity of TWVs for various terrain friction values is found by numerical simulation. The limiting value of terrain friction beyond which rollover occurs is obtained.

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ROLLOVER AND LATERAL SLIDING STABILITY OF THREE WHEELED VEHICLES

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VAM, Mucuna pruriens,

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Biodiversity forms the foundation for sustainable development and also constitutes the basis for the environmental health of our planet. However, the continuous exploitation without conservation results in depletion of source of economic and ecological security for our future generation and drives to the loss of valuable medicinal plants all over the world. The science and the study of Indian medicines (Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani) a mutual relationship which bring out a valuable attention now-a-days to make use of flora and fauna for their medicinal values. Plant products always have a conspicuous role in providing medicine for human being. Most of our modern medicines are derived from the herbs. The major contributors to pharmacology and pharmaceutical and clinical therapeutics are also derived from herbs like Andrographis paniculate, Asparagus racemoses, Azadirachta indicia and so on etc. The demand for natural products, their secondary metabolites and scientific advancement leads to exploitation of large amount of products without giving importance for their conservation. The usage of herbal plants for medicine was much popular and had been in practice for a long period in England. Americans used herbal medicines to cure much illness before the advent of scientific pharmaceuticals. The medicinal plants occurring in various habitats have been used for medicinal purpose in various forms. Demands of medicinal herbs at global level including India shows remarkable global trade of medicinal plants that leads to threatening of valuable biodiversity. In a nutshell this abstract attempts to highlight the need of bio-diversity conservation of medicinally valuable herbs at global level.

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medicinal plants; pharmaceuticals; biodiversity

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In order to study the prescription pattern of medications for urinary tract infections and to evaluate the overall incidence of UTI in ICU Ward of a tertiary care hospital we conducted prospective observational studies among 100 patients through case report form (CRF) for a period of 6 months. The methodology includes collection of the data of patients through CRF and the data collected will be imported to Microsoft excel sheet and various objectives will be verified using the data on the excel sheet. Our observation on the medication pattern in the UTI patients in ICU Ward of tertiary care Hospital indicated that the common antibiotics used are ciprofloxacin (12%), norfloxacin (78%), ofloxacin (10%). The rate of incidence of UTI was about only 4% since the incidences were <5%. Our observations suggest that the hygienicity of the ICU Ward was well maintained, 7% of patients were having complications such as suppressed immune system, Diabetes, kidney infection, kidney failure, blood poisoning. Out of 100 patients, 6 were found to be male patients and 94 were female patients, rate of UTI in case of pediatrics it was 7% for geriatrics it was 35% and for adults it was 58%. The observations indicated that 7% of UTI female patients were pre-menopause stage, 62% were in menopause and 51% were in postmenopause. The present study indicated that the prevalence of UTI is common in female patients. In Hospital setting Urinary catheterization increases the risk for urinary tract infections. Flouroquinolones such as norfloxacin is widely used to treat UTI. Though the rate of occurrence of UTIs in ICU Ward is low but efforts should be made to further reduce it.

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UTI, ICU, antibiotic, CRF

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The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition on the milk composition of dairy cows used in the commercial pasture and supplement based dairy enterprises. Most dairy farmers tend to give more attention to the overall milk yield in their dairy cows and pay less attention to the overall milk components of a their dairy herd. However, consumers and dairy product producing companies that buy milk from dairy farms are more interested in milk components than milk yield. Hence, milk of dairy farmers known to produce milk that has high percentage of components such as fat and protein tend to be more profitable in markets than milk with low percentage of these components. Milk quality problems of the overall dairy herd of a farm are more likely affected by nutrition which is in turn affects milk composition. Therefore, poor knowledge of the relationship between dairy cow nutrition and milk components results in production of low quality milk with low milk.

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milk; nutrition; protein; energy; feeding; concentrates

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) on intestinal health and growth performance of broiler chickens. One potential challenge on broiler chickens is an increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria to the approved antibiotics used for growth promotion in feeds. The occurrence of AGP-associated resistant bacteria has led to concerns of human health risks. Due to the growing concern of bacterial resistance passing from animals to humans, the research for alternatives to replace antibiotics in broiler feeds has gathered great importance in animal nutrition. The removal of antibiotics from animal diets has put tremendous pressure broiler producers to look for alternative solutions. These solutions should be natural substances, which would have a positive effect on chicken health, growth, feed conversion and should not impair with human health. Today, several groups of these additives are in use and most often probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, enzymes, acidifiers, antioxidants and phytogene additives.

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antibiotic growth promoters; probiotics; prebiotics; enzymes; additives

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Heavy metals such as cadmium chloride, lead, mercury, chromium, cobalt etc. may cause many problems to plants, animals and the health of human beings. In this research, the effect of cadmium chloride on seed germination percentage, biomass and biochemical compounds of Capsicum annum L. and Acoras calamus L. were investigated. The experiments were carried out by pot cultures and during the period of four weeks. The samples were collected after 28th day and used for morphological and biochemical studies. The results of this study indicated that cadmium chloride with super phosphate had very low toxic effects on seed germination than cadmium chloride treated seeds.

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Capsicum annuum, Acora calamus, pollutants

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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world after wheat, rice, maize and barley. The grain had been used for consumption by both humans and live stock. Different genotypes of the plant serve many other important uses. The crop has been suffering from various types of diseases. Majority of them are known to be caused by fungi which are mostly seed borne. This leads to quantitative and qualitative loss both at pre and post harvest levels. In the present study, seed borne fungi associated with the five selected varieties of Sorghum bicolor were isolated on saboraud dextrose agar (SDA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Five fungi species namely Aspergillus flavus Link, Aspergillus niger vantieghem, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, Phoma herbarum Sacc and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb) Lind belonging to four genera were isolated. Presence of these fungi in considerable number of seed samples indicates the need of field surveys of these and other pathogens. The isolation was done using the agar plate method.

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Isolation, Seed-borne Fungi, Sorghum

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The objective of the present study as to evaluate the phyto-chemical constituents, estimation of tannin and anti-oxidant activity from the leaf extract of Delonix elata L. Preliminary screening involved the qualitative methods to detect the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, quinones, saponins, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. In vitro antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, aqueous and ethanol extracts was evaluated by studying (DPPH) 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity using the standard procedure. The phyto-chemical analysis of leaf extract of Delonix elata revealed the presence of significant secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, phenol, steroid, coumarins quinones, betacyanin, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkoloids and terpenoids. The ethanolic leaf extract of Delonix elata had showed significant radical scavenging activity. It can be concluded that Delonix elata leaf extract can be used as a potent source of natural antioxidant and thus could prevent many free radical mediated diseases.

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phytochemical screening; DPPH; tannin

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obesity, overweight BMI, prevalence

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Local wild herbs store house of many valuable compounds, ability to synthesize many secondary metabolic compounds, which help to prevent, promote, curate and great significance to the sustainable health of human and other animals. Flavonoids are one of the most important secondary metabolites. They were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Their standard consists of gallic acid. Alternanthera tenella Colla is commonly called, Joy weed belong to the Amaranthaceae. It is a terrestrial available medicinal weed, which enables to get a primary insight into the localization of flavonoids. The leaves of this plant contained gallic acid (100%) and root contained important biologically active flavonoids such as formononetin, myrecetin, quercetin and kaemferol. This is believed to enrich the phytochemical analysis of this plant as well as its medicinal properties.

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phytochemicals, amaranthaceae, A. tenella, flavonoids, HPLC

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well diffusion method, antioxidant, zone of inhibition, phytochemicals

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Yak, Transhumance, Livelihood, Brokpa, Conservation

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An experiment was carried out during kharif 2013 with fourteen lines, three testers and 42 F1s of blackgram to assess the variability, heritability (BS) and genetic advance as percent of mean for fourteen quantitative characters including seed yield. The results showed that the variance due to treatments (parents and hybrids) was significant for all fourteen characters. This gives the evidence of magnitude of genetic variability among lines, testers and hybrids. The highest PCV recorded for branches per plant followed by seed yield, total biomass, seeds per plant, fodder biomass. The highest GCV recorded for seed yield followed by clusters per plant, fodder biomass, seeds per plant, pod weight, total biomass and branches per plant indicating that sufficient phenotypic and genotypic variability was present in the material. The highest heritability and genetic advance were recorded for days to 50% flowering and clusters per plant respectively. High genetic advance as percent of mean coupled with moderate to high heritability was observed for number of clusters per plant, pods per plant, seeds per plant, pod weight, seed yield per plant and fodder biomass. The present findings could be useful for establishing selection for improvement of seed yield in blackgram breeding program.

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Variability, heritability, genetic advance, blackgram and quantitative traits

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fruits; vegetables; heavy metals; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; contamination

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A total of five Moroccan landraces and four modern varieties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) were characterized for morphological characteristics. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Descriptive statistics showed an important phenotypic variability for all characters analyzed. The coefficients of variation ranged from 17 to 43 %. A highly significant and positive correlation was found between FW, FL, FWd and TSS. A principal component analysis (PCA) indicated two first axes explained the maximum simple variation; it sorted the genotypes into four groups. The factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) showed highly significant differences between groups. The Mahalanobis distance values ranged from 0.84 to 1.63. The highest value was recorded between the varieties belonging to group GI1 and the landraces ZG1, ZG2 and RM2. The results of morphological characterization revealed a large diversity among the five Moroccan landraces, proving the need to safeguard and preserve such precious local germplasm.

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Watermelon; landraces; morphological characterization; diversity; Morocco

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A healthy patch of Holodule uninervis sea grass bed found during the month of May 2014 near Sidha gumpha of Rambha which comes under southern sector of the lagoon and it signifies the good sign for biodiversity enrichment and fishery development of the lagoon. This species having highest temperature and salinity tolerance where as the rhizospore of the grass succession in high bacterial population which plays a significant role in nutrient cycle of the lagoon. The habitat of sea grass is critical for number of threatened species like dugong, manatee, sea turtles and sea horses which are supposed have high aesthetic, cultural or intrinsic value. The other sea grass function comprises the maintenance of genetic variability with potential biochemical utility.

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Sporadic, Holodule uninervis, Sidha gumpha, Chilika, augmentation

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