Volume 6 | Issue 3 | July

 Abstract

Seven genotypes of rice were studied for selecting promising genotypes and distinguishing important seed quality attributes at field and laboratory condition in Seed Science and Technology Division, Khumaltar, during 2012 and 2013. These genotypes were intensively characterized for their agronomic, phenological and stress specific traits. The present study on qualitative and quantitative characterization relates to developing descriptors for variety improvement programs and maintaining genetically pure seed. Different traits of leaf, culm, panicles and seed of various rice genotypes were recorded from selected individual plants for quantitative traits, and whole plant stand in the plot, for qualitative traits. Descriptors of rice varieties developed by IRRI/IBPGR (1981) were followed in recording the morphological data. A total of 3 phenological, 18 qualitative and 17 quantitative traits were measured and analyzed for determining variation among different genotypes of rice under mid-hill condition of Nepal. Significant variation among various qualitative and quantitative traits was observed for different genotypes of rice studied for two year's period. There was prompt variation among various qualitative traits except for some traits like semi erect growth habit, erect flag leaf angle, white ligule color, 2-clefted ligule shape, pale green internode and auricle color and erect culm angle in 2012, while the glabrous pubescence, green blade color, pale green collar color and drooping axis were the common characters for the genotypes studied during 2013. In the same way, days to heading was found significantly different ranging from 68 days to 79 days for NR-10600 and NR-10443 respectively in 2012. Similarly, yield was significantly different for various genotypes that ranged from 2.77 ton/ha for Khumal-11 (local check) to 4.97 ton/ha for NR-10443. Similarly, regarding the trial over 2013, days to heading was found significantly different for various rice genotypes ranging from 59 days (NR-10548-B-22-2-1 to 72 days (NR-10757-8-1-3-1). Yield was found significantly different among various genotypes ranging from 3.95 ton/ha to 5.45 ton/ha for NR11082-B-B-16 and NR10757-8-1-3-1 respectively. In the same way, significant variation was observed for important phenological and yield attributing traits for various rice genotypes in both years analyzed over mid-hills condition of Nepal.

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 Keywords

Phenological, quantitative and qualitative traits, genetic purity, descriptors

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Valve springs play an important role in controlling the working of internal combustion engines. The valves are mechanically opened by a camshaft with the help of valve lifters and closed by the valve springs. The springs must be designed for reliability. The springs must be designed to withstand against the cyclic loading. The performance data shows percentage ratio for premature failure of an exhaust valve spring I.C. engine is more. The major loading on the springs takes place during the start/stop time. For safety, the life of the spring is expected to be about 50,000 cycles for a specified load. Static and fatigue analysis of compression spring is carried out using Finite Element Analysis software to compare better design features and better life. The spring is modeled using CAD software. This is further evaluated using FEA software, and experimentally using controller setup. Further results are compared and analysed. Fatigue Analysis is done using FEA software and theoretical life is compared with actual results. On the basis of this design modifications are done in original spring. The same analysis steps are repeated for modified designs. By comparing the fatigue life of modified springs, higher life spring design is finalized. To verify new design the fatigue testing experimentation is carried out on the fatigue testing machine upto 51000 cycles (Special Purpose Machine).The modified and finalized spring sustains targeted life of 50000 cycles.

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valve spring; compression spring failure; fatigue life; static and fatigue analysis

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Awareness of the drought situation with the prediction and area of the drought severely could reduce the loos of this phenomenon in a significant level. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the drought alternation trend in various Kurdistan provinces' cities during the recent decade by statistical method of standardized precipitation index. In this study the drought trend of seven cities in Kurdistan province during recent decade have evaluated by drought indices calculator Version- 1.0 Beta software. Based on the results, just the extremely wet condition have observed in Qorveh city and, the very wet condition have not observed in none of the cities, in a way that in the mentioned cities during one recent year the drought condition have reach the near normal form. In addition to it in all the cities (except Baneh and Kamyaran), the moderately dry drought have observed in a way that in this form the most frequency have related to Saqqez and Marivan. In addition, the severely dry form of drought has observed in all cities (except Baneh). It should have noted that in past recent years the drought have reached the extremely dry form which the Kamyaran city with the 11.1% have the most frequency among the provinces cities. Based on the results it could have concluded that the drought trend during recent years in Kurdistan province in comparison with its previous time have a warning condition. Therefore, planning for reducing its risks and water resources management of the province is necessary.

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 Keywords

drought; standardized precipitation index; Kurdistan province

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Plant parasitic nematodes are the important pests of most of the vegetable crops being grown worldwide. Damage is more severe under intensive cultivation systems like protected cultivation. Several genera of plant parasitic nematodes are associated with different group of vegetable crops causing huge economic losses. Accurate and quick detection of these nematodes is a prior requisite for planning management programmes. Molecular biology has opened a new era for detection, characterization and even management of the plant pathogens and pests. Molecular methods of detection are more accurate, reliable, quick and allow easy handling of large number of samples. Besides detection and identification different molecular approaches like manipulation of resistance genes, marker assisted breeding for resistance genotypes and suppression of essential genes involved in parasitism by RNAi are also being exploited for the management of these plant parasitic nematodes.

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Plant parasitic nematodes; molecular; detection; management

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The occurrence of species diversity of zooplanktons community in selected sample water course of four different stations has been investigated in this study. As a result, a checklist was prepared, based on the observations of zooplankton diversity in the watercourses of river Ganges, Yamuna, Triveni Sangam and Rishikesh. It exhibited that selected area of Ganga river watercourse showed abundant of zooplankton diversity than other sites. An analysis was made and revealed that among the selected watercourses study, abundant and predominant zooplankton species belonging to Rotifera was noticed followed by Cladocerans and few common species confined to the river system were recorded. Results were discussed in the light of distribution of zooplankton diversity attributed to the watercourses.

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zooplankton diversity, watercourse, dominant species, Rotifera

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The present study aims to do a citation analysis of the master theses in the field of Economics in Kermanshah Razi University. The research uses a citation method and 5439 master theses compiled in 2001 in the field of Economics. The study results indicate that the books and periodicals with 50.14 and 37.69%, respectively, have accounted for the maximum percent of citations and a study of citations shows that the Persian references have been cited for 54.38 and Latin references cited for 45.38%. In terms of up to dating, most of the used references are up-to-date and date back to 17 years ago. Persian references were more updated than Latin references. In addition, the average of the citations shows that a citation of 65.53 belongs to each thesis. The journals relevant to the field of economy at Razi University based on Bradford Rule include 8 Persian Journals and 13 English Journals.

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 Keywords

Economy MA; theses; citation analysis; BA (Bachelor); bibliometric

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The present study has been focused to isolate an antiviral compound from Sargassum wightii crude solvent extract against HSV-1 under in vitro conditions. The bioactive molecules were extracted using solvents such as ethyl acetate and methanol and the total phenolic content was estimated. The crude extracts were tested against four human bacterial pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and one fungal pathogens Candida albicans. The effect of solvent crude extract on the proliferation of Vero cells was assessed by neutral dye uptake method. Various fold of serially diluted solvent crude extracts showed cytotoxic concentration50 (CC50) at 750 and 500 ?g/mL of ethyl acetate and methanol extract respectively. Antiviral activity of solvent crude extract against HSV-1 showed significant reduction of virus on Vero cells. Among the solvent crude tested, the ethyl acetate showed effective IC50 against HSV-1 at the concentration of 300 ?g/mL. Extraction of secondary metabolites from crude solvent was done by column chromatography. Mass spectral library search based gave the first hit with highest score is Octyl butyl phthalate. The purified compound was analyzed for the CC50 against Vero cells and it was observed as 400 ?g/mL whilst its mother extract showed 750 ?g/mL concentration.

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HSV-1; antiviral activity; secondary metabolites; octyl butyl phthalate

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Marriage and choosing wife is the most important social mobility indicators in any society. Since the people's attitude toward marriage and starting a family and its problems and obstacles plays a major role in their expectation of marriage. Therefore, investigating students' expectation of marriage marriages toward marriage and starting a family is of critical importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the expectation of marriage in single students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. This is a cross-sectional study on 203 single students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. In order to collect data, a two-part questionnaire was used including demographic characteristics and attitude to marriage standardized questionnaire (MES) 40 questions with 3 realistic expectation of marriage domain, idealistic expectation and pessimistic expectation. At the end, the obtained information was analyzed using statistical software R. The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of realistic, idealistic, and pessimistic expectation are 8.22+64.9, 7.32+51.54 and 4.4+15.09, respectively. Also the results of the comparison test of expectation dimension of marriage between men and women showed at the level of 5% error for idealistic expectations and pessimistic expectations, there was no significant difference between men and women, as for the idealistic expectations, the average score for women was more than men, while for pessimistic expectations the average score for men was more than women. One of the awareness ways of people whose are on the brink of marriage of favorable and unfavorable expectations of marriage and matrimony as well as learning necessary skills to improve their interpersonal relationships to educate the and education plays an important role in this regard, it is suggested by training in marriage field to students helps to strength and stability of marriage, reducing divorce rate and improve the quality of marriage.

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 Keywords

Marriage, students, singles, Kermanshah, Iran

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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e-learning; medical sciences; university faculty members; readiness level; Kermanshah

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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 Keywords

social capital; organizational silence; university staff

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