Volume 4 | Issue 3 | July

 Abstract

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 Keywords

Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, gene, environmental factor

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Proteomics is a powerful means to study the function of all proteins expressed in a cell. When applied to use in medical field, this technique becomes a tool to understand the physiological state of the body. Proteomics is extensively used in research and study of protein biomarkers in humans, so that these markers help deduce a medical condition or can be used to understand the changes that have taken place due to medical intervention. This review article focuses on the different techniques used in proteomics, their advantages and disadvantages and their application in the study of bone biomarkers.

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 Keywords

proteomics; bone; biomarkers; mass spectrometry; bone proteins

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 Abstract

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Gas chromatography, Mass spectroscopy, Biochemical, Identification, Quantification

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 Abstract

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lead, bioaccumulation, bivalve, body size

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The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) in male albino rats. The different groups of animals were administered with Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) to simulate long term liver damage (30 % CCl4, 1 mL/kg b.w. in mineral oil at 72 hour intervals). Milk thistle doses of 300, 450 and 600 mg were administered to the CCl4 treated rats. The effect of Milk thistle on the levels of Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase were measured. The Milk thistle produced a significant (p<0.05) hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the levels of enzymes in the blood in a dose dependent manner. Milk thistle in dose of 600 mg showed the most promising potent hepatoprotective property. From those results Milk thistle possesses potent AST and ALT decreasing properties.

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AST, ALT, CCL4, male albino rats

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 Abstract

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Drinking water, Utility water, Pathogenic bacteria, Faecal pollution

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This study investigated the abundance of black coral species in correlation with the physicochemical characteristics of marine water in Matabungkay Beach, Batangas. The black coral species identified was Rumphella aggregata. The black coral species was found to be abundant in the third station with a relative abundance of 41.7% of the total relative abundance and the station with least abundant station was the second station with a relative abundance of 25% of the total relative abundance. The parameters have almost all positive correlation except for nitrite and nitrate, ammonia and phosphate having negative or negligible correlation. There is moderately small positive correlation of the frequency with water temperature and salinity while moderately negative correlation of the frequency with hardness. There is very small positive correlation between the frequency with calcium and conductivity while very small negative correlation with the frequency with hardness. There is high positive correlation between the frequency with TDS but high negative correlation between the frequency with DO and transparency. The abundance of black corals indicates the tolerance of the species to the marine environment.

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coral, black corals, gorgonian, Gorgoniidae, Antipathes

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Pathogen detection and its analysis are critical in clinical medicine, food safety, agriculture, public health and biosecurity etc. Conventional diagnostic approaches are based on century-old culturing methods which are reliable but slow which provide relatively little information about the pathogens and are not adaptable to high throughput operations. Despite of the availability of many instruments, procedures and techniques such as spectrophotometer, calorimeter, ELISA, and mass spectrometry etc., these techniques do not measure up to very minimal levels or restricted multiplexing for pathogens such as bacteria which creates a demand to develop a new diagnostic tool with very high sensitivity and specificity. This review will focus on the recent advancement in the field of nanotechnology towards pathogen detection.

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Nanotechnology, Pathogen detection, Clinical diagnostics, Nanobiosensors

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Dengue is a widely spread disease caused by four serotypes (1, 2, 3 and 4) of an arthropod-borne virus of the same name (Dengue virus, DENV) belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Humans are the natural hosts for DENV infection, and the virus is transmitted via bites of infected mosquitoes. DENV is thus maintained in a vector-human-vector cycle involving the mosquito species Aedes aegypti or A. albopictus. Dengue disease varies in severity from a mild, flu-like illness (dengue fever, DF) to a haemorrhagic fever (DHF) to hypovolaemic shock (dengue shock syndrome, DSS). The severity is influenced by genetic background of the host as well as the strain and serotype of the infecting virus. Sequential infections with different serotypes may result in severe disease. Most assays for the rapid detection of DENV have been at research and development level until recently. A number of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays are now approaching commercialization due to their sensitivity, specificity and the rapidity of detection of DENV in acute phase serum. An ideal Dengue vaccine candidate should be a tetravalent preparation capable of inducing simultaneous, life-long immunity to all four virus serotypes. However, even though several such vaccines have been derived from plaque purified viruses, vaccine trials face additional hurdles due to incomplete history of the isolates as many countries lack the facilities for systematic collection, identification or analysis of dengue viruses. The challenges are further complicated because of little understanding pathogenesis of the more severe forms of disease, DHF and DSS, a requirement for developing better strategies. Without information on the serotypes and genotypes circulating in a region and the infection rates in those areas, it will be extremely difficult to plan vaccine efficacy trials.

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dengue, vaccine production, serotypes

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Pesticides are the compounds used to prevent organisms harmful to man. Depending upon the types of pest controlled, toxic property and chemical composition, pesticides are classified variously. Despite the fact that pesticides were used from very ancient time, the chronological consideration regards the discovery of DDT (1939) as the era of chemical pesticides and its development in the subsequent years. Initially, pesticides had tremendous use to improve quality of life and survival rate of man by providing sufficient amount of food and security against life threatening diseases. Beside this, the overuse of chemical pesticides imparts harmful effects on environment, ecosystem and human health. These effects are intensified by the persistence of the pesticides in the environment and its mobility causing the toxicity to non-target species including man even in virgin area. Being aware of these damages, several measures have been taken that include the restricted use of most hazardous organochlorinated compounds along with the development and practice of eco-friendly approach of pest management for sustainable development.

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Pesticides, POP, Environment, IPM, Biopesticide

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition