Volume 3 | Issue 2 | April

 Abstract

There are many changes that were brought to the doctrine of judicial review in India through very important judgments by the Supreme court of India which has changed the scope as well as nature of the judicial review in India. Judicial Review is the power and discretion of Courts to decide upon the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions of the government which fall within their jurisdiction. If any provision of any statute is found to be violative of any of the articles of the constitution which is the standard for the validity of laws, the Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to struck down the said provision. If any harm caused by the actions of the legislative, executive, and judiciary, to the constitutional values or rights guaranteed under the Indian constitution then the role of the judicial review comes into play.

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Judicial Review and its Scope in India

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 Abstract

IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE.

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IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE.

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Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud) Wats commonly known as, East Indian lemongrass a widely grown essential oil plant in the world belongs to the family Poaceae and comprise of 140 species worldwide, found abundantly in tropics and sub-tropic regions of Asia, Africa and America. In India, 45 species are recorded of which the economic importance is C.winterianus, C.flexuosus, C.martinii, C.nardus, C.citratus, C.pendulus, C.jwarancusa and C.khasianus. Aerial and subaerial parts of C. flexuosus collected from Himavath Gopala hills, Karnataka, India, were subjected to hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oil. GC and GC-MS analysis were performed to know the chemical composition of the oil. Among the 39 compounds identified in aerial parts of the plant the major compounds were citral (64.98%), 1,7-octadien-3-ol (10.97%), dimethyl oxatricyclo nonanone (9.44%), nerol (2.85%), verbenol (1.77%) and caryophyllene oxide (0.71%). In sub-aerial parts of the plant 33 compounds were identified. The analysis of sub-aerial parts showed a different chemical profile compared to aerial part and possessed citral as the major compound of upto 30.47%. Other compounds in sub-aerial part are Eudesmol (17.82%), Elemol (14.16%), dihydro isopropyl methyl azulene (11.08%), ?-cadinene (1.88%), junipene (1.36%), hydroxyalloaromadendrene, juniper camphor (1.12%) and elemene (1.04%).

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Cymbopogon flexuosus, essential oil, GC-MS, citral

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Generally, the outdoor open ponds are used to produce Algae. It requires effective pond management to obtain high productivity and high quality. The ultimate commercial success in production of algae depends on managing the large volumes of cultures which are subjected to possible contaminations by planktons and bacteria. In order to have the cultures at log phase of growth, several factors to be optimized which include agitation, pond depth, dosing of nutrients and supply of carbon di oxide. Since the nutrient inputs into the culture contributes significantly to reduce the production cost. It has to be monitored to assure reproducible yields without loading of extra nutrients. However, cultures are closely monitored daily and all the inputs are checked carefully to avoid major problems.

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algae cultivation, Spirulina cultivation, pond design

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There is numerous direct and indirect methods used to determine progressive growth in microalgae cultivation. Direct methods are algal biomass, packed cell volume, cell counts and detecting pigment contents. Indirect methods are primary productivity and changes in chemistry of the aqueous environment used to express algal growth quantitatively. The main objective of this study is to develop a new method for estimating growth rate and reviewing the existing procedure. The experimental results show that the proposed method is time saving and produce more accurate results than the existing dry weight methods.

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optical density method, Spirulina growth measurement, dry weight method, pigment estimation

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Safe drinking water is the one which is free of both chemical and microbial contaminants. But these days water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid etc. are increasing by the microbial community in drinking water which proves that the current disinfection methods are not sufficient. Some organisms are capable of producing bio films and show resistance to treating agents like chlorination. There is evidence that drinking water may be the source of infections with non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in human. Though chlorination was suggested to be the best method of disinfection, Mycobacterium is still resistant to this treatment. The effect of H2O2 and HOCl in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium aurum were studied in this present work with initial concentrations of 2 to 15 mg/l of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid for test cases (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 mM). Oxidative stress induced in these microbial cultures and ROS was measured along with the cell viability. There was a direct relationship between the superoxide levels and the concentration of the treating agents. Treatment with disinfectants produced the expected decrease in cell concentrations. Higher concentration levels of disinfectants to larger cell decreases.

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Mycobacterium aurum, oxidative stress, superoxide

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silver nanoparticles, biosynthesis, Securinega leucopyrus, FT-IR, SEM-EDAX

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Four microorganisms, two fungi and two bacteria and two plants were used independently and combined to bioremediate zinc, cadmium, and lead in sewage water and sewage sludge for a period of 360 hrs and sampled per 72 hrs to determine the best option to bioremediation. The pH and temperature was monitored to determine possible changes as the organisms took up the metals. Results of the experiment show that the combination of fungi and bacteria performed best for the sewage water with efficiencies of 94%, 82%, and 98% for cadmium, lead and zinc respectively. For the sewage sludge, the combinations of fungi and plant, and bacteria with 99% each performed best in the adsorption cadmium whereas for zinc, fungi with 98% performed the least. All other samples had efficiencies of 99% each. For lead, fungi and bacteria with 96% and 97% performed the least. Differences observed between the means of the six samples in each case were subjected to a full statistical ANOVA test insignificant and found insignificant but for Zinc uptake in sewage sludge. While the pH increased as biosorption decreased for all cases, the temperature was seen to barely change. It is concluded that within the range of contamination, any of the independent organisms or a combination of any two can be effectively used in bioremediation of heavy metals. However, based on other considerations such as lower cost, ease of maintenance, secondary waste generation, little time involved, and growth rate, use of microorganisms (especially bacteria) is better but on very high heavy metal quantities, use of plants may be considered.

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bioremediation, microorganisms, fungi, bacteria

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pharmaceutical effluent, antibiotic sensitivity, Multiple-Drug resistance

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In the natural environment plants are well adapted to minimize damages which only occur under extreme conditions. Water stress and other abiotic stresses can dramatically limit plant growth and productivity. In the frame of physiological window, mild drought induces regulation of water loss and uptake in plants allowing maintenance of their leaf relative water content within the limits where the photosynthetic capacity shows no or little changes. But severe drought induces unfavourable changes in plants, leading to inhibition of photosynthesis and growth. The aim of the present study was to understand the effect of drought stress on photosynthesis, osmolyte adjustments and proline content of two varieties of Paspalum scrobiculatum. The experiments were carried out in a pot culture. Two varieties of Paspalum scrobiculatum L. CO-1 and CO-2, were selected for the study. Mild stress (irrigation once in 3 days), moderate stress (irrigation once in 4 days) and sever stress (irrigation once in 5 days) were imposed as drought treatments. The photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll decreased whereas carotenoid content increased under drought stress. The biochemical components like amino acid, proline, total sugar and sucrose increased in both root and shoot under drought stress whereas, protein and starch contents decreased to a large extent in both the varieties under drought stress. CO-1 showed higher biochemical accumulation than CO-2 under drought stress. In addition, both the varieties showed tendency to recover when the drought stresses were removed.

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 Keywords

drought, tolerance, growth, pigments, biochemical

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